top of page
search.png

Common 20 Questions

About ADHD

Here, you can find answers to some of the most frequently asked questions about Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), a neurodevelopmental disorder affecting millions worldwide. We understand many misconceptions and misunderstandings about ADHD and want to provide accurate and reliable information to help you better understand this condition. Whether you seek information for yourself, a loved one, or a student, our goal is to help you navigate the complexities of ADHD and provide you with the resources you need to manage it effectively.

1_edited.png

What causes Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder? The exact cause of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is unknown. However, research suggests genetic, neurological, and environmental factors cause it. Studies have shown that ADHD tends to run in families, indicating that genes may play a role in its development. Additionally, brain imaging studies have shown differences in the brain structure and function of people with ADHD compared to those without the disorder. Environmental factors such as exposure to toxins during pregnancy or early childhood, premature birth, and low birth weight may also increase the risk of developing ADHD.

2_edited.png

What is the difference between Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder and Attention Deficit Disorder? Attention Deficit Disorder (ADD) and Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) are two terms people previously used to describe different attention and behaviour disorders. Since 2013, both conditions have been grouped under the single term "ADHD" in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5). The primary difference between the two terms is: ADHD includes inattention and hyperactivity/impulsivity symptoms. ADD refers only to symptoms of inattention without the hyperactivity/impulsivity component. In other words, individuals with ADHD may display symptoms of both inattention (such as difficulty focusing or forgetfulness) and hyperactivity/impulsivity (such as fidgeting, restlessness, or interrupting others). On the other hand, individuals with ADD would only exhibit symptoms of inattention. It is important to note that the terms ADD and ADHD are no longer used in the medical community. The diagnosis of ADHD now encompasses both inattentive and hyperactive/impulsive symptoms.

3_edited.png

Is ADHD a lifelong condition? Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder that typically persists throughout life. While symptoms may change over time, and the severity of symptoms may vary. Many individuals with ADHD continue to experience difficulties with attention, impulsivity, and hyperactivity into adulthood. In some cases, symptoms may become less pronounced in adulthood, particularly in individuals with the predominantly hyperactive-impulsive subtype. However, for individuals with the predominantly inattentive or combined subtype, symptoms may persist and significantly impact daily functioning. It's worth noting that ADHD is a highly treatable condition. With appropriate management strategies such as medication, therapy, and behavioural interventions, many individuals with ADHD can learn to manage their symptoms effectively and achieve their goals. Therefore, even though ADHD may persist throughout life, it doesn't have to be a lifelong barrier to success and fulfilment.

4_edited.png

Does medication for ADHD have side effects? Yes, medications used to treat ADHD can have side effects, although not everyone experiences them. The most commonly reported side effects of ADHD medications include: 1. Loss of appetite: Stimulant medications used to treat ADHD can decrease need, leading to weight loss. 2. Sleep problems: Stimulant medications can interfere with sleep, making falling or staying asleep difficult. 3. Stomach upset: Some people may experience stomach pain, nausea, or vomiting while taking ADHD medications. 4. Headaches: Headaches are a relatively common side effect of ADHD medications. Mood changes: Some people may experience mood changes such as irritability, anxiety, or depression while taking ADHD medications. 5. Tics: In rare cases, stimulant medications can cause or worsen tics.Increased heart rate and blood pressure: Stimulant medications can increase heart rate and blood pressure, which can concern people with certain medical conditions. It's important to note that not everyone experiences side effects and that the benefits of medication can outweigh the potential risks for many people with ADHD. However, suppose you share any concerning symptoms while taking medication for ADHD. In that case, speaking with your healthcare provider to discuss potential alternative treatments or adjustments to your medication regimen is essential.

5_edited.png

Is it possible to outgrow ADHD? While some people with ADHD can experience a reduction in symptoms as they get older, it is inaccurate to say that they "outgrow" ADHD. ADHD is a neurodevelopmental disorder that typically begins in childhood and continues into adulthood. However, symptoms may change over time, and some individuals may find that their symptoms become less disruptive as they develop better-coping strategies or their brain matures. However, it is essential to note that not everyone with ADHD experiences a reduction in symptoms as they age, and some may struggle with symptoms throughout their lives. Additionally, ADHD can significantly impact a person's daily functioning and quality of life, so seeking proper diagnosis and treatment to manage symptoms effectively is essential.

6_edited.png

Are there any alternative treatments for ADHD other than medication? Yes, there are alternative treatments for Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) in addition to or instead of medication. Some of these treatments include: 1. Behavioural therapy: This therapy aims to change specific behaviours associated with ADHD through various techniques, such as coaching, skill-building, and parent training. 2. Cognitive-behavioural therapy (CBT): CBT is a type of talk therapy that focuses on changing negative thoughts and behaviours by helping people identify and challenge unhelpful patterns. 3. ADHD coaching: ADHD coaching involves working with a trained coach to develop strategies and tools to manage symptoms of ADHD, such as time management, organization, and communication skills. Coaching can also help individuals set and achieve goals, build self-esteem, and improve their overall quality of life. 4. Mindfulness meditation involves paying attention to the present moment without judgment, which can help improve focus and reduce impulsivity. 5. Exercise: Regular physical activity can help increase dopamine levels in the brain, improving attention and mood. 6. Diet and nutrition: Some studies suggest that specific dietary changes may help reduce ADHD, such as eliminating food additives or increasing omega-3 fatty acids. 7. Neurofeedback: This non-invasive technique involves training the brain to regulate its activity through real-time feedback on brainwave patterns. It can help improve focus, attention, and behavioural control. It's important to note that alternative treatments may only work for some individuals. They should not be used as a substitute for medication if a healthcare provider recommends them. However, incorporating these strategies into a comprehensive treatment plan may help manage ADHD symptoms.

7_edited.png

How can nutrition help those with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)? Nutrition can play a role in managing symptoms of ADHD, although it is not a substitute for professional treatment. Here are some ways that nutrition can help: 1. Omega-3 fatty acids: Studies have shown that omega-3 fatty acids, found in fish, nuts, and seeds, can help improve focus and attention in people with ADHD. 2. Protein: Eating protein can help stabilize blood sugar levels and improve alertness and focus. Good protein sources include lean meats, fish, eggs, and beans. 3. Complex carbohydrates: Complex carbohydrates, such as whole grains, fruits, and vegetables, can help stabilize blood sugar levels and provide sustained energy throughout the day. 4. Iron: Iron is essential for brain function and can help improve attention and focus. Good sources of iron include lean meats, beans, fortified cereals, and leafy green vegetables. 5. Zinc: Zinc is essential for brain function and can help improve attention and memory. Good sources of zinc include oysters, beef, chicken, beans, and fortified cereals. It is important to note that people with ADHD should use nutrition in conjunction with other treatments, such as therapy and medication, for the most effective management of ADHD. Speaking with a healthcare professional before making any significant changes to your diet is essential.

8_edited.png

Are there any risks associated with medication for Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)? There are risks associated with medication for Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). Some of the possible risks include the following: 1. Side effects: Medications for ADHD can cause side effects, such as nausea, headaches, sleep problems, and decreased appetite. 2. Dependency: Some medications used to treat ADHD, such as stimulants, can be habit-forming and lead to dependence. 3. Abuse: Stimulant medications used to treat ADHD can be abused by individuals who do not have ADHD, leading to addiction and other health problems. 4. Cardiovascular problems: There have been reports of rare but severe cardiovascular issues, such as sudden death, in individuals taking ADHD medications. 5. Mental health concerns: Some studies have linked the use of ADHD medication to an increased risk of depression, anxiety, and suicidal thoughts in some individuals. It is essential to work closely with a healthcare professional when taking medication for ADHD to monitor for any potential risks and side effects. Individuals taking ADHD medication should follow their doctor's instructions carefully and report any concerns or issues.

yellow line 2_edited.png

I. Causes and Treatment of ADHD

yellow line 2_edited.png

II. Impact and Management of ADHD

9_edited.png

How does ADHD affect relationships? ADHD (Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder) can significantly impact relationships. Here are some ways in which ADHD can affect relationships: 1. Communication difficulties: People with ADHD may have trouble communicating effectively with their partners, leading to misunderstandings and frustration. 2. Disorganization and forgetfulness: ADHD can make staying organized and remembering important dates or events challenging. It can lead to missed appointments, forgotten commitments, and relationship disappointment. 3. Impulsivity: People with ADHD may act impulsively and say or do things without thinking through the consequences, creating conflict in relationships. 4. Hyperfocus: While people with ADHD may struggle with staying focused on tasks that don't interest them, they may also become hyperfocused on things they find engaging, leading them to neglect other important aspects of their lives, including their relationships. 5. Emotional dysregulation: People with ADHD may struggle with managing their emotions, leading to outbursts, mood swings, and difficulty regulating their reactions to stress. 6. Uneven distribution of responsibilities: Due to the symptoms of ADHD, one partner may end up taking on more responsibilities in the relationship, which can create resentment and conflict. It's important to note that ADHD affects everyone differently, and some people may experience more or fewer of these challenges in their relationships. It's also important to remember that with proper treatment and support, people with ADHD can learn to manage their symptoms and have fulfilling healthy relationships.

10_edited.png

How can parents help their children with ADHD? Parents can play a crucial role in helping their children with ADHD. Here are some strategies that may be helpful: 1. Educate themselves about ADHD: Understanding the disorder can help parents better manage their child's symptoms and advocate for their needs. 2. Work with a healthcare provider: Working with a healthcare provider, such as a paediatrician or psychiatrist, can help parents develop a comprehensive treatment plan for their child. 3. Establish routines and structure: Creating consistent patterns and layouts can help children with ADHD better manage their time and stay on task. 4. Set clear expectations and rules: Setting clear expectations and regulations can help children with ADHD understand what is expected of them and reduce the likelihood of impulsive behaviour. 5. Use positive reinforcement: Praising and rewarding positive behaviour can encourage children with ADHD to continue to behave appropriately. 6. Provide frequent breaks: Children with ADHD may need regular breaks to help them manage their energy levels and focus. 7. Use visual aids: Visual aids, such as calendars, to-do lists, and visible schedules, can help children with ADHD better understand their responsibilities and stay on task. 8. Encourage physical activity: Regular exercise can help children with ADHD burn off excess energy and improve focus. 9. Foster a positive and supportive home environment: Creating a positive and supportive home environment can help children with ADHD feel secure and increase their self-esteem. It's important to note that every child with ADHD is unique, and what works for one child may not work for another. Parents should work with their child's healthcare provider to develop an individualized treatment plan.

11_edited.png

Does exercise help manage symptoms of ADHD? Yes, exercise has been shown to help manage symptoms of ADHD. Regular physical activity can increase dopamine levels in the brain, which can help improve attention, mood, and overall brain function. Exercise has also been shown to reduce hyperactivity and impulsivity in children with ADHD. In addition, exercise can help improve sleep, which is essential for individuals with ADHD who often struggle with sleep difficulties. Research has shown that aerobic exercises, such as running or biking and non-aerobic exercise, such as strength training, can be beneficial for managing ADHD symptoms. Exercise can be a complementary treatment to medication and other behavioural therapies. It is recommended that children and adults with ADHD engage in regular physical activity for at least 30 minutes per day, most days of the week. However, it is essential to note that exercise should not be used as a substitute for medication if a healthcare provider recommends it. It should be part of a comprehensive treatment plan that includes medication, behavioural therapy, and lifestyle changes.

12_edited.png

How do I talk to my child's school about accommodations for their learning needs due to ADHD? If your child has been diagnosed with ADHD, it may be necessary to talk to their school about accommodations to help them succeed in the classroom. Here are some tips on how to approach the conversation: 1. Schedule a meeting: Request an appointment with your child's teacher or school counsellor to discuss your child's needs. 2. Be prepared: Bring any documentation of your child's diagnosis and a list of specific accommodations you think could be helpful. These may include preferential seating, extra time on assignments or tests, or frequent breaks. 3. Communicate your concerns: Share your concerns about your child's academic performance, social interactions, and behaviour in the classroom. Be specific about how ADHD symptoms affect your child's ability to learn and function. 4. Listen to the school's perspective: Your child's school may have experience working with children with ADHD and may have suggestions for accommodations you have not considered. 5. Develop a plan: Work with the school to develop a plan that outlines specific accommodations, goals, and expectations for your child. Be sure to review the plan regularly and make adjustments as necessary. Remember that communication is critical. By working collaboratively with your child's school, you can ensure that your child's learning needs are being met.

13_edited.png

Is it possible for adults with ADHD to be successful at work and school without treatment and accommodations? While adults with ADHD can be successful at work and school without treatment and accommodations, it can be much more difficult. ADHD can significantly impact an individual's ability to focus, manage time, and complete tasks. It can lead to difficulty meeting deadlines, staying organized, and following through on commitments, ultimately impacting performance and success. Without treatment and accommodations, adults with ADHD may struggle to keep up with the demands of work and school and may experience high levels of stress, frustration, and burnout. Treatment options for ADHD, such as medication and therapy, can help individuals manage symptoms and improve their ability to focus, organize, and prioritize. Accommodations, such as extra time on exams and using organizational tools, can also help reduce the impact of ADHD symptoms on daily life. It's important to note that each individual's experience with ADHD is unique, and what works for one person may not work for another. However, seeking treatment and accommodations can increase the chances of success at work and school for many adults with ADHD.

14_edited.png

What lifestyle changes can people make to help manage the symptoms of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)? ADHD is a neurodevelopmental disorder that can impact a person's ability to focus, stay organized, and control impulses. While medication and therapy can be effective treatments for ADHD, there are also some lifestyle changes that people with ADHD can make to help manage their symptoms: 1. Establish a routine: A consistent schedule can help people with ADHD stay organized and reduce overwhelming feelings. It can include setting regular times for waking up, going to bed, eating meals, and engaging in other activities. Regular exercise can help people with ADHD reduce hyperactivity and impulsivity. It will improve focus and mood. Aim for at least 30 minutes of exercise daily, such as jogging, swimming, or cycling. 2. Eat a healthy diet: A balanced diet rich in protein, complex carbohydrates, and healthy fats can help stabilize energy levels and improve focus. Avoid consuming too much sugar or caffeine, as these can exacerbate ADHD symptoms. 3. Reduce distractions: People with ADHD can be easily distracted by noise, visual clutter, or other stimuli. Try to create a quiet and organized environment when working or studying. 4. Practice mindfulness: Mindfulness meditation can help people with ADHD stay present and focused while reducing feelings of anxiety and stress. 5. Get enough sleep: Lack of sleep can exacerbate ADHD symptoms, so getting enough rest each night is essential. Aim for 7-9 hours of sleep each night and maintain a consistent sleep schedule. 6. Seek support: It can be helpful to connect with other people who have ADHD or to join a support group. Talk therapy can also be an effective way to learn coping strategies and manage ADHD symptoms.

yellow line 2_edited.png

III. Support and Resources 

15_edited.png

How should I prepare for an appointment with a psychiatrist or therapist specialising in treating patients with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)? Preparing for an appointment with a psychiatrist or therapist who specializes in treating patients with ADHD can help you make the most of your time and get the most out of your treatment. Here are some tips on how to prepare: 1. Gather relevant information: Write down any symptoms or concerns you have been experiencing and how long you have been experiencing them. Include any family history of ADHD or other mental health conditions. 2. Bring any relevant medical records: If you have been diagnosed with ADHD or other mental health conditions, bring copies of any previous medical records, including diagnostic reports, test results, and treatment plans. 3. Make a list of medications: If you are taking any medications, bring them to your appointment, including the name of the medication, dosage, and how often you take it. 4. Prepare questions: Write down any questions you have for your psychiatrist or therapist. It can help you make the most of your appointment and ensure that you get the information you need. 5. Consider bringing a friend or family member: It can be helpful to bring a friend or family member who can support and help you remember important information from the appointment. 6. Be honest and open: It's essential, to be honest with your psychiatrist or therapist about your symptoms and concerns. It can help them diagnose accurately and develop an effective treatment plan. 7. Take notes: During your appointment, note what your psychiatrist or therapist says. It can help you remember important information and follow through on any recommendations or treatment plans. Remember that seeking treatment for ADHD is a positive step towards improving your overall mental health and well-being. Good luck with your appointment!

16_edited.png

How can I find support as a parent of a child living with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)? As a parent having a child with ADHD, finding support is essential to your well-being and that of your child. Here are some ways to find help: 1. Join a support group: There are many support groups for parents of children with ADHD, both online and in-person. These groups can provide a safe space to share experiences and connect with other parents who are going through similar challenges. 2. Seek therapy: A therapist can provide emotional support, help you develop coping strategies, and provide guidance on parenting strategies to help your child with ADHD. 3. Connect with other parents: Contact parents in your community with children with ADHD. It can be a great way to build a support network and share tips and strategies. 4. Talk to your child's healthcare provider: Your child's healthcare provider can guide managing your child's ADHD and connect you with resources and support. 5. Educate yourself: Learn as much as possible about ADHD to better understand your child's challenges and find effective ways to support them. Remember, finding support as a parent of a child with ADHD is an essential step in managing the challenges that come with this condition. Don't hesitate to reach out for help and support when you need it.

17_edited.png

How can nutrition help those living with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)? Nutrition can play a role in managing symptoms of ADHD, although it is not a substitute for professional treatment. Here are some ways that nutrition can help: 1. Omega-3 fatty acids: Studies have shown that omega-3 fatty acids, which are found in fish, nuts, and seeds, can help improve focus and attention in people with ADHD. 2. Protein: Eating protein can help stabilize blood sugar levels and improve alertness and focus. Good sources of protein include lean meats, fish, eggs, and beans. 3. Complex carbohydrates: Complex carbohydrates, such as whole grains, fruits, and vegetables, can help stabilize blood sugar levels and provide sustained energy throughout the day. 4. Iron: Iron is important for brain function and can help improve attention and focus. Good sources of iron include lean meats, beans, fortified cereals, and leafy green vegetables. 5. Zinc: Zinc is important for brain function and can help improve attention and memory. Good sources of zinc include oysters, beef, chicken, beans, and fortified cereals. It is important to note that nutrition should be used in conjunction with other treatments, such as therapy and medication, for the most effective management of ADHD. It is also important to speak with a healthcare professional before making any significant changes to your diet.

yellow line 2_edited.png

IV. Natural Remedies 

18_edited.png

Can certain foods/drinks make symptoms of ADHD worse? Some evidence suggests that certain foods and drinks may exacerbate symptoms of ADHD in some people. However, it's important to note that these effects can vary widely between individuals, and there is no one-size-fits-all approach to dietary recommendations for managing ADHD symptoms. Some foods and drinks that have been identified as potential triggers for ADHD symptoms include: 1. Sugar: Consuming large amounts can cause blood sugar spikes and crashes, exacerbating ADHD symptoms such as impulsivity and inattention. 2. Artificial food colouring and preservatives: Some studies have suggested that artificial food colouring and preservatives may contribute to hyperactive behaviour in some children with ADHD. 3. Caffeine: While caffeine can have a calming effect in some people, it can exacerbate symptoms such as restlessness and difficulty concentrating in others. 4. Processed foods: Foods high in processed carbohydrates and low in nutrients may contribute to inflammation, which can exacerbate symptoms of ADHD. 5. Dairy: Some people with ADHD may be sensitive to casein. Protein is found in dairy products, exacerbating symptoms such as hyperactivity and impulsivity. It's important to note that these potential triggers may not affect everyone with ADHD similarly and that there is no one-size-fits-all approach to dietary recommendations for managing ADHD symptoms. Suppose you suspect certain foods or drinks may exacerbate your ADHD symptoms. In that case, keep a food diary to track your intake and symptoms and consult a healthcare professional or registered dietitian to develop a personalized diet plan.

19_edited.png

Are there any natural ways to treat ADHD? Yes, there are several natural ways to treat ADHD, although it's important to note that these methods may not work for everyone and should not replace professional medical treatment. Some natural remedies for ADHD include: 1. Exercise: Regular physical activity can help reduce symptoms of ADHD, improve focus and attention, and decrease impulsivity. 2. Mindfulness meditation: Practicing mindfulness meditation can help individuals with ADHD improve their ability to focus and manage their emotions. 3. Diet: A healthy, balanced diet that includes plenty of fruits, vegetables, and whole grains can help manage symptoms of ADHD. Some people also find that avoiding certain foods, such as sugar and processed foods, can help. 4. Supplements: Some supplements, such as omega-3 fatty acids and zinc, may help reduce symptoms of ADHD in some people. 5. Sleep: Getting enough sleep is essential for everyone, especially those with ADHD. A consistent sleep schedule and a relaxing bedtime routine can help improve sleep quality. 6. Herbal remedies: Certain herbal remedies, such as ginkgo biloba and ginseng, may help improve cognitive function and focus in some people with ADHD. It's important to talk to a healthcare professional before starting any new natural treatments for ADHD, especially if you are taking medication or have other medical conditions.

yellow line 2_edited.png

V. Long-term Effects 

20_edited.png

What are the long-term effects of ADHD? Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) can have long-term effects on an individual's life, affecting various areas such as education, career, and relationships. Some of the potential long-term impacts of ADHD include: 1. Education: Children with ADHD may experience academic difficulties, including lower grades, increased absenteeism, and a higher likelihood of dropping out. These difficulties can lead to limited educational and career opportunities in adulthood. 2. Career: Adults with ADHD may struggle with time management, organization, and completing tasks, affecting their job performance and career advancement opportunities. 3. Relationships: ADHD can impact an individual's ability to form and maintain relationships due to difficulty with social cues, impulsivity, and emotional regulation. 4. Mental health: Individuals with ADHD may have an increased risk of developing anxiety, depression, and other mental health disorders. 5. Substance abuse: Evidence suggests that ADHD is associated with increased substance abuse and addiction risk. It is important to note that not all individuals with ADHD will experience these long-term effects. The severity of the condition and the individual's response to treatment can play a significant role in determining outcomes. Seeking early diagnosis and appropriate treatment can help to mitigate the potential long-term effects of ADHD.

Reference:

​

  1. National Institute of Mental Health. (n.d.). Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Retrieved from https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/attention-deficit-hyperactivity-disorder-adhd/index.shtml

  2. Faraone SV, Mick E. Molecular genetics of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Psychiatr Clin North Am. 2010 Mar;33(1):159–80. Review. PubMed PMID: 20159345; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC2847260.

  3. Gizer IR, Ficks C, Waldman ID. Candidate gene studies of ADHD: a meta-analytic review. Hum Genet. 2009 Jul;126(1):51–90. Epub 2009 Jun 9. Review. PubMed PMID: 19506906.

  4. American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5). American Psychiatric Pub.

  5. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2020). Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Retrieved from https://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/adhd/diagnosis.html

  6. National Resource Center on ADHD. (n.d.). Treatment. Retrieved from https://chadd.org/about-adhd/treatment/

  7. Pliszka, S. R. (2019). The pharmacological treatment of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. In Handbook of Clinical Neurology (Vol. 163, pp. 517-536). Elsevier.

  8. Katzman, M.A., Bilkey, T.S., Chokka, P.R. et al. Adult ADHD and comorbid disorders: clinical implications of a dimensional approach. BMC Psychiatry 17, 302 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-017-1463-3

  9. Ramsay, J. R. (2021). Adult attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. In A. Wenzel (Ed.), Handbook of cognitive behavioral therapy: Applications (pp. 389–421). American Psychological Association. https://doi.org/10.1037/0000219-012

  10. Granero R. Role of Nutrition and Diet on Healthy Mental State. Nutrients. 2022 Feb 10;14(4):750. doi: 10.3390/nu14040750. PMID: 35215400; PMCID: PMC8880234.

  11. Harvard Health Publishing. (2019). Non-drug treatments for adult ADHD. Retrieved from https://www.health.harvard.edu/mind-and-mood/non-drug-treatments-for-adult-adhd

  12. The ADHD Coaches Organization. (n.d.). About ADHD coaching. Retrieved from https://www.adhdcoaches.org/about-adhd-coaching

  13. Bloch, M. H., & Qawasmi, A. (2011). Omega-3 fatty acid supplementation for the treatment of children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder symptomatology: systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 50(10), 991-1000. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaac.2011.06.008

  14. Konofal, E., Lecendreux, M., Arnulf, I., & Mouren, M. C. (2004). Iron deficiency in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine, 158(12), 1113-1115. https://doi.org/10.1001/archpedi.158.12.1113

  15. Mousain-Bosc, M., Roche, M., Polge, A., Pradal-Prat, D., Rapin, J., & Bali, J. P. (2004). Improvement of neurobehavioral disorders in children supplemented with magnesium-vitamin B6. I. Attention deficit hyperactivity disorders. Magnesium Research, 17(1), 17-26.

  16. Cleveland Clinic. (n.d.). ADHD Medication. Retrieved October 1, 2022, from https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/treatments/11766-adhd-medication

  17. Healthline. (n.d.). ADHD Medication for Children: Types, Side Effects, and More. Retrieved October 1, 2022, from https://www.healthline.com/health/adhd-medication-children

  18. HelpGuide. (2021, September). Medication for ADHD (Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder). Retrieved October 1, 2022, from https://www.helpguide.org/articles/add-adhd/medication-for-attention-deficit-disorder-adhd.htm

  19. Wymbs BT, Canu WH, Sacchetti GM, Ranson LM. Adult ADHD and romantic relationships: What we know and what we can do to help. J Marital Fam Ther. 2021 Jul;47(3):664-681. doi: 10.1111/jmft.12475. Epub 2021 Jan 9. PMID: 33421168.

  20. Barkley, R. A. (2013). Taking charge of ADHD: The complete, authoritative guide for parents (3rd ed.). The Guilford Press.

  21. Pera, G. (2008). Is it you, me, or adult ADD? Stopping the roller coaster when someone you love has attention deficit disorder. AD/HD Publishing.

  22. Moyá J, Stringaris AK, Asherson P, Sandberg S, Taylor E. The impact of persisting hyperactivity on social relationships: a community-based, controlled 20-year follow-up study. J Atten Disord. 2014 Jan;18(1):52-60. doi: 10.1177/1087054712436876. Epub 2012 Mar 21. PMID: 22441888; PMCID: PMC3867339.

  23. Liang, X., Li, R., Wong, S.H.S. et al. The impact of exercise interventions concerning executive functions of children and adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactive disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act 18, 68 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12966-021-01135-6

  24. Ziereis S, Jansen P. Effects of physical activity on executive function and motor performance in children with ADHD. Res Dev Disabil. 2015 Mar;38:181-91. doi: 10.1016/j.ridd.2014.12.005. Epub 2015 Jan 3. PMID: 25561359.

  25. Pontifex MB, Saliba BJ, Raine LB, Picchietti DL, Hillman CH. Exercise improves behavioral, neurocognitive, and scholastic performance in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. J Pediatr. 2013 Mar;162(3):543-51. doi: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2012.08.036. Epub 2012 Oct 17. PMID: 23084704; PMCID: PMC3556380.

  26. CDC. (2022). Behavior therapy. Retrieved February 22, 2023, from https://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/adhd/behavior-therapy.html

  27. Verywell Family. (2022). 9 discipline strategies for kids with ADHD. Retrieved February 22, 2023, from https://www.verywellfamily.com/discipline-strategies-for-kids-with-adhd-1094941

  28. Healthline. (2022). ADHD and exercise: Benefits, types, and more. Retrieved February 22, 2023, from https://www.healthline.com/health/fitness/adhd-and-exercise

  29. American Academy of Pediatrics. (2019). Clinical Practice Guideline for the Diagnosis, Evaluation, and Treatment of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder in Children and Adolescents. Pediatrics, 144(4), e20192528.

  30. Understood.org. (n.d.). 7 Tips for Talking to Your Child’s Teacher About ADHD. Retrieved from https://www.understood.org/en/articles/7-tips-for-talking-to-your-childs-teacher-about-adhd

  31. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2021, September 30). School Success for Children with ADHD. Retrieved from https://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/adhd/school-success.html

  32. CHADD. (n.d.). Tips for Talking to Teachers About ADHD. Retrieved from https://chadd.org/for-parents/tips-for-talking-to-teachers-about-adhd/

  33. CBT Westport. (n.d.). Tips for Talking to Your Child’s School About ADHD. Retrieved from https://cbtwestport.com/tips-for-talking-to-your-childs-school-about-adhd/

  34. SHRM. (2017, November 3). ADHD in the Workplace: What You Need to Know. SHRM Online. https://www.shrm.org/resourcesandtools/hr-topics/employee-relations/humanity-into-hr/pages/adhd-in-the-workplace.aspx

  35. ADDitude Magazine. (n.d.). Success in the Workplace for Adults with ADHD. ADDA @ Work. https://adhdatwork.add.org/success-in-the-workplace-for-adhders/

  36. Rogers, K. (2020, May 29). How to manage ADHD symptoms while working from home during the coronavirus pandemic. CNN. https://edition.cnn.com/2020/05/29/health/working-from-home-coronavirus-adhd-wellness/index.html

  37. PsychCentral. (n.d.). Best Tips for Coping with ADHD. https://psychcentral.com/adhd/best-tips-for-coping-with-adhd

  38. HelpGuide. (2021, February). Managing Adult ADHD: Tips for Coping with Symptoms and Getting Focused. https://www.helpguide.org/articles/add-adhd/managing-adult-adhd-attention-deficit-disorder.htm

  39. Healthline. (n.d.). ADHD Parenting Tips: What to Do When Your Child Has ADHD. https://www.healthline.com/health/adhd/parenting-tips#what-to-do

  40. Verywell Mind. (n.d.). Starting ADHD Medication: What You Need to Know. Retrieved March 7, 2023, from https://www.verywellmind.com/starting-adhd-medication-20876

  41. Everyday Health. (2021, May 5). How to Bring Up ADHD With Your Doctor. Retrieved March 7, 2023, from https://www.everydayhealth.com/news/how-bring-up-adhd-with-your-doctor/

  42. Ready Kids. (n.d.). ADHD Support Group. Retrieved March 4, 2023, from https://readykids.com.au/adhd-support-group/

  43. Children and Adults with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (CHADD). (n.d.). For Parents. Retrieved March 4, 2023, from https://chadd.org/for-parents/overview/

  44. Arnold LE, Lofthouse N, Hurt E. Artificial food colors and attention-deficit/hyperactivity symptoms: conclusions to dye for. Neurotherapeutics. 2012 Jul;9(3):599-609. doi: 10.1007/s13311-012-0133-x. PMID: 22864801; PMCID: PMC3441937.

  45. Akin S, Gultekin F, Ekinci O, Kanik A, Ustundag B, Tunali BD, Al-Bayati MBA, Yasoz C. Processed meat products and snacks consumption in ADHD: A case-control study. North Clin Istanb. 2022 Jul 8;9(3):266-274. doi: 10.14744/nci.2021.64497. PMID: 36199857; PMCID: PMC9464840.

  46. Verywell Mind. (2021). The Sugar and ADHD Relationship. Retrieved from https://www.verywellmind.com/the-sugar-and-adhd-relationship-6951414

  47. Frontiers in Psychiatry. (2022). ADHD and Nutrition: Current Research Evidence and Recommendations. Retrieved from https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyt.2022.813545/full

  48. Zylowska, L., Ackerman, D. L., Yang, M. H., Futrell, J. L., Horton, N. L., Hale, T. S., & Smalley, S. L. (2008). Mindfulness meditation training in adults and adolescents with ADHD: A feasibility study. Journal of Attention Disorders, 11(6), 737-746. https://doi.org/10.1177/1087054707308502

  49. Pei-Chen Chang J. Personalised medicine in child and Adolescent Psychiatry: Focus on omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and ADHD. Brain Behav Immun Health. 2021 Jul 29;16:100310. doi: 10.1016/j.bbih.2021.100310. PMID: 34589802; PMCID: PMC8474554.

  50. Díaz-Román A, Mitchell R, Cortese S. Sleep in adults with ADHD: Systematic review and meta-analysis of subjective and objective studies. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2018 Jun;89:61-71. doi: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2018.02.014. Epub 2018 Mar 2. PMID: 29477617.

  51. Wolraich, M., Brown, L., Brown, R. T., DuPaul, G., Earls, M., Feldman, H. M., ... & Visser, S. (2011). ADHD: clinical practice guideline for the diagnosis, evaluation, and treatment of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in children and adolescents. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 50(10), 1008-1028. https://www.jaacap.org/article/S0890-8567(11)00953-1/fulltext

  52. Mount Sinai. Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder. https://www.mountsinai.org/health-library/condition/attention-deficit-hyperactivity-disorder

  53. Tucha, L., Tucha, O., & Lange, K. W. (2016). The impact of computerized attention training on attentional control in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). PloS one, 11(3), e0150447. https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0150447

  54. Caye A, Swanson J, Thapar A, Sibley M, Arseneault L, Hechtman L, Arnold LE, Niclasen J, Moffitt T, Rohde LA. Life Span Studies of ADHD-Conceptual Challenges and Predictors of Persistence and Outcome. Curr Psychiatry Rep. 2016 Dec;18(12):111. doi: 10.1007/s11920-016-0750-x. PMID: 27783340; PMCID: PMC5919196.

  55. Wilens TE, Martelon M, Joshi G, Bateman C, Fried R, Petty C, Biederman J. Does ADHD predict substance-use disorders? A 10-year follow-up study of young adults with ADHD. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2011 Jun;50(6):543-53. doi: 10.1016/j.jaac.2011.01.021. Epub 2011 Apr 22. PMID: 21621138; PMCID: PMC3104208.

bottom of page